Abdominal Obesity and Its Attribution to All-cause Mortality in the General Population with 14 Years Follow-up: Findings from Shanxi Cohort in China

Objective This study aimed to assess the association of waist circumference(WC) with all-cause mortality among Chinese adults.Methods The baseline data were from Shanxi Province of 2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey. The death investigation and follow-up visit were conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. The visits covered up to 5,360 of 7,007 participants, representing a response rate of 76.5%. The Cox regression model and floating absolute risk were used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% floating CI of death by gender and age groups(≥ 60 and 60 years old). Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding current smokers; participants with stroke, hypertension, and diabetes; participants who accidentally died; and participants who died during the first 2 years of follow-up.Results This study followed 67,129 person-years for 12.5 years on average, including 615 deaths. The mortality density was 916 per 100,000 person-years. Low WC was associated with all-cause mortality among men. Multifactor-adjusted hazard ratios(HR) were 1.60(1.35–1.90) for WC 75.0 cm and 1.40(1.11–1.76) for WC ranging from 75.0 cm to 79.9 cm. Low WC( 70.0 cm and 70.0–74.9 cm) and high WC(≥ 95.0 cm) groups had a high risk of mortality among women. The adjusted HRs of death were 1.43(1.11–1.83), 1.39(1.05–1.84), and 1.91(1.13–3.22).Conclusion WC was an important predictor of death independent of body mass index(BMI). WC should be used as a simple rapid screening and predictive indicator of the risk of death.     

The role of adiposity,diet and inflammation on the discordance between LDL-C and apolipoprotein B

Background and aimsWhile low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a good predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is superior when the two markers are discordant. We aimed to determine the impact of adiposity, diet and inflammation upon ApoB and LDL-C discordance.Methods and resultsMachine learning (ML) and structural equation models (SEMs) were applied to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate cardiometabolic and dietary factors when LDL-C and ApoB are concordant/discordant. Mendelian randomisation (MR) determined whether adiposity and inflammation exposures were causal of elevated/decreased LDL-C and/or ApoB. ML showed body mass index (BMI), dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA), dietary fibre, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and uric acid were the most strongly associated variables (R² = 0.70) in those with low LDL-C and high ApoB. SEMs revealed that fibre (b = ?0.42, p = 0.001) and SFA (b = 0.28, p = 0.014) had a significant association with our outcome (joined effect of ApoB and LDL-C). BMI (b = 0.65, p = 0.001), fibre (b = ?0.24, p = 0.014) and SFA (b = 0.26, p = 0.032) had significant associations with CRP. MR analysis showed genetically higher body fat percentage had a significant causal effect on ApoB (Inverse variance weighted (IVW) = Beta: 0.172, p = 0.0001) but not LDL-C (IVW = Beta: 0.006, p = 0.845).ConclusionOur data show increased discordance between ApoB and LDL-C is associated with cardiometabolic, clinical and dietary abnormalities and that body fat percentage is causal of elevated ApoB.     

Analyses of rare predisposing variants of lung cancer in 6,004 whole genomes in Chinese

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A Multiethnic Study of Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes in LMIC

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Approximately three-quarters of people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries, and these countries are projected to experience the greatest increase in diabetes burden.ObjectivesWe sought to compare the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes in 3 urban and periurban regions: the Southern Cone of Latin America and Peru, South Asia, and South Africa. In addition, we examined the relationship between diabetes and pre-diabetes with known cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.MethodsA total of 26,680 participants (mean age, 47.7 ± 14.0 years; 45.9% male) were enrolled in 4 sites (Southern Cone of Latin America = 7,524; Peru = 3,601; South Asia = 11,907; South Africa = 1,099). Detailed demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were defined as a fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dl and 100 to 125 mg/dl, respectively. Diabetes control was defined as fasting plasma glucose <130 mg/dl.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes was 14.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.2% to 14.8%) and 17.8% (95% CI: 17.0% to 18.7%) in the Southern Cone of Latin America, 9.8% (95% CI: 8.8% to 10.9%) and 17.1% (95% CI: 15.9% to 18.5%) in Peru, 19.0% (95% CI: 18.4% to 19.8%) and 24.0% (95% CI: 23.2% to 24.7%) in South Asia, and 13.8% (95% CI: 11.9% to 16.0%) and 9.9% (95% CI: 8.3% to 11.8%) in South Africa. The age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes for all countries increased with age (p < 0.001). In the Southern Cone of Latin America, Peru, and South Africa the prevalence of pre-diabetes rose sharply at 35 to 44 years. In South Asia, the sharpest rise in pre-diabetes prevalence occurred younger at 25 to 34 years. The prevalence of diabetes rose sharply at 45 to 54 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America, Peru, and South Africa, and at 35 to 44 years in South Asia. Diabetes and pre-diabetes prevalence increased with body mass index. South Asians had the highest prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes for any body mass index and normal-weight South Asians had a higher prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes than overweight and obese individuals from other regions. Across all regions, only 79.8% of persons with diabetes were aware of their diagnosis, of these only 78.2% were receiving treatment, and only 36.6% were able to attain glycemic control.ConclusionsThe prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes is alarmingly high among urban and periurban populations in Latin America, South Asia, and South Africa. Even more alarming is the propensity for South Asians to develop diabetes and pre-diabetes at a younger age and lower body mass index compared with individuals from other low and middle income countries. It is concerning that one-fifth of all people with diabetes were unaware of their diagnosis and that only two-thirds of those under treatment were able to attain glycemic control. Health systems and policy makers must make concerted efforts to improve diabetes prevention, detection, and control to prevent long-term consequences.     

Epidemiology of maternal morbidity and mortality

Maternal morbidity and mortality remains a significant health care concern in the United States, as the rates continue to rise despite efforts to improve maternal health. In 2013, the United States ranked 60th in maternal mortality worldwide. We review the definitions, rates, trends, and top causes of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, as well as risk factors for adverse maternal outcomes. We describe current local and national initiatives in place to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality and offer suggestions for future research.     

多水平模型在中国人群肥胖的省级社会影响因素分析中的应用

目的 采用多水平模型的方法探索中国人群省级水平社会因素对个体肥胖患病的影响。方法 采用多水平建模的方法,利用2007年慢性病与危险因素监测18~69岁人群数据作为研究结局和个体水平因素,收集国家统计局2007年分省年度数据,通过因子分析方法获得省级社会发展综合指标,分析其与个体体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、肥胖和中心性肥胖的关联关系。结果 2007年,全国范围内18～69岁人群的BMI平均值为（23.27±3.37）kg/m2,肥胖率为8.49%,中心性肥胖率为30.92%。从7个与社会经济、医疗卫生资源、生活环境有关的省级社会因素提取出2个省级水平因子作为各省社会发展综合指标,发现代表居民消费水平和医疗卫生资源充足程度的省级因子与个体BMI、肥胖、中心性肥胖的关联均无统计学意义（均有P>0.05）,而代表社会经济综合发展程度的省级因子与个体BMI（OR=1.09,95% CI:1.04～1.10）、肥胖（OR=1.17,95% CI:1.07～1.28）、中心性肥胖（OR=1.19,95% CI:1.10～1.30）有正向的关联关系。结论 在中国,社会经济综合发展程度较好的地区,个体发生肥胖的风险可能较大。利用多水平模型探索影响个体肥胖等慢性病的地区社会因素,可为卫生政策制定者提供科学证据,引导卫生资源合理分配,具有重要公共卫生意义。     

我国成年人腰围身高比与脑卒中及其亚型发病关系的前瞻性研究

目的 分析我国成年人腰围身高比与脑卒中及其亚型发病关联。方法 从2010年中国慢性病监测项目选取60个监测点人群（城市监测点25个、农村监测点35个）作为本次研究对象,共计36 632人。将2010年中国慢性病监测项目数据作为基线数据。2016-2017年进行随访,完成随访者27 762人。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析腰围身高比与脑卒中及其亚型发病风险比。并按年龄、性别等基线特征进行亚组分析,剔除死亡者和基线糖尿病患者进行敏感性分析。结果 脑卒中分析,共纳入27 112名研究对象,观察到脑卒中事件1 333例;缺血性卒中分析,共纳入26 907名研究对象,观察到缺血性卒中事件1 128例;出血性卒中分析,共纳入25 984名研究对象,观察到出血性卒中事件205例。调整相关混杂因素后,以腰围身高比0~0.45组为参照,脑卒中分析,腰围身高比0.46~0.49、0.50~0.54和≥ 0.55组脑卒中发病风险分别增加21%（HR=1.21,95%CI：1.00~1.46）、26%（HR=1.26,95%CI：1.04~1.53）和60%（HR=1.60,95%CI：1.29~1.99）,亚组分析发现,年龄对腰围身高比与脑卒中发病风险存在效应修饰作用（交互P=0.001）;缺血性卒中分析,腰围身高比0.46~0.49、0.50~0.54和≥ 0.55组缺血性卒中发病风险分别增加30%（HR=1.30,95%CI：1.05~1.60）、33%（HR=1.33,95%CI：1.07~1.64）和61%（HR=1.61,95%CI：1.26~2.05）,亚组分析发现,年龄对腰围身高比与缺血性卒中发病风险存在效应修饰作用（交互P=0.024）;出血性卒中分析,腰围身高比≥ 0.55组出血性卒中发病风险增加73%（HR=1.73,95%CI：1.02~2.94）,0.46~0.49和0.50~0.54组差异无统计学意义。敏感性分析结果未发生变化。结论 控制体重预防脑卒中及其亚型,可将腰围身高比作为体重控制指标之一。尤其重点关注腰围身高比≥ 0.55的年龄<50岁人群,同时不应忽视腰围身高比0.46~0.49人群。     

Geographical variability in survival of European children with central nervous system tumours

Survival for childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumours varies across Europe, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing malignant from non-malignant disease. This study examines bias in CNS tumours survival analysis to obtain the reliable and comparable survival figures.We analysed survival data for about 15,000 children (age <15) diagnosed with CNS between 2000 and 2007, from 71 population-based cancer registries in 27 countries. We selected high-quality data based on registry-specific data quality indicators and recorded observed 1-year and 5-year survival by countries and CNS entity.We provided age-adjusted survival and used a Cox model to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) of death, adjusting by age, site and grading by country.Recording of non-malignant lesions, use of appropriate morphology codes and completeness of life status follow-up differed among registries. Five-year survival by countries varied less when non-malignant tumours were included, with rates between 79.5% and 42.8%. The HRs of dying, for registries with good data, adjusting by age and grading, were between 0.7 and 1.2; differences were similar when site (supra- and infra-tentorial) was included.Several sources of bias affect the correct definition of CNS tumours, the completeness of incidence series and the goodness of follow-up. The European Network of Cancer Registries needs to improve childhood cancer registration and stress the need to update the International Classification for Cancer. Since survival differences persisted even when restricting the analysis to registries with satisfactory data, and since diagnosis of CNS tumours is difficult and treatment complex, national plans must aim for the revision of the diagnosis and the coordination of care, with adequate national and international networks.